Diagnóstico precoce pode evitar cegueira pelo glaucoma

O glaucoma é um grupo de condições oculares que danificam o nervo ótico, vital para uma boa visão. Esse dano geralmente é causado por uma pressão intraocular elevada no olho. A doença é uma das principais causas de perda de visão no mundo e pode ocorrer em qualquer idade, mas o diagnóstico precoce pode evitar cegueira pelo glaucoma.

A doença costuma não dar sinais de aviso. O efeito é tão gradual que é possível não notar uma mudança na visão até que a condição esteja em um estágio avançado. A perda de visão devido ao glaucoma é irreversível. Por isso, é importante fazer exames oftalmológicos regulares, principalmente aqueles que fazem a medição da pressão intraocular.

Se o glaucoma for diagnosticado precocemente, é possível retardar e até evitar a perda da visão. O tratamento da doença tem por objetivo reduzir a pressão intraocular e pode ser feito com uso de colírios e outras terapias.

Glaucoma - Biologia Net

Tipos de Glaucoma e seus sintomas

O glaucoma pode ter seu desenvolvimento lento e assintomático. Na maioria das vezes o paciente só percebe a doença quando ela já está avançada. Os principais casos de glaucoma são dos seguintes tipos:

  • Glaucoma de ângulo aberto: é a forma mais comum da doença e surge gradualmente. Aos poucos a drenagem do olho vai diminuindo, aumentando a pressão ocular e lesionando o nervo óptico. Ela afeta o campo visual lentamente e é muitas vezes assintomática. O diagnóstico precoce é indispensável para o controle da doença.
  • Glaucoma crônico de ângulo fechado: a drenagem do olho é menor do que no glaucoma de angulo aberto, o tratamento é mais difícil e a progressão é mais rápida.
  • Glaucoma agudo de ângulo fechado: acontece quando a saída do fluido é bloqueada subitamente. Desse jeito, a pressão intraocular aumenta muito mais rápido, causando muita dor. Esse tipo de glaucoma é considerado emergencial e é muito perigoso. Ele precisa de tratamento rápido para evitar a perda da visão.
  • Glaucoma secundário: é aquele causado por fatores externos. A diferença dessa vertente para os outros tipos de glaucoma se dá pela sua ocorrência. Ela pode ser consequência do uso excessivo de determinadas medicações ou como sintoma de outras doenças oculares.
  • Glaucoma congênito: é o tipo raro e se trata de uma doença hereditária. A criança já nasce com o glaucoma e a pressão intraocular sofre alterações ainda na formação do feto. É essencial que a doença seja diagnosticada o mais rápido possível para que a visão não seja prejudicada.

O glaucoma de ângulo fechado causa os seguintes sintomas:

  • Dor súbita nos olhos;
  • Olhos avermelhados;
  • Incômodo nos olhos;
  • Náuseas e/ou vômitos;
  • Olhos inchados.

Glaucoma é uma doença muito séria e por isso precisa de muito cuidado, já que é uma das principais causas de cegueira no mundo.

Diagnóstico do glaucoma: como identificar a doença

Vários exames complementares são necessários para fechar o diagnóstico do glaucoma. A indicação de cada um deles vai depender do grau da doença. Quando ela ainda está nos estágios iniciais, apenas o exame de fundo de olho é necessário para analisar o problema. Já em estados mais avançados pode ser necessário investigações mais aprofundadas para calcular o tamanho do dano causado pelo glaucoma.

Glaucoma: o que é, tipos, sintomas e tratamento - Mundo Educação

 

Entre os principais exames para fechar o diagnóstico do glaucoma estão:

1 – Tonometria

O exame de tonometria – também conhecido como medida de pressão ocular – é um dos mais básicos e fundamentais para o diagnóstico do glaucoma. Ele é responsável por medir a pressão intraocular e encontrar alterações. Um olho saudável tem pressão abaixo de 21 mmHg. Quando o valor passa desse nível é diagnosticado o glaucoma.

A tonometria é um exame simples e realizado durante a consulta de rotina no médico Oftalmologista.

2 – Oftalmoscopia

Também conhecido como exame de fundo de olho, a oftalmoscopia é realizada no consultório do médico Oftalmologista e tem por objetivo visualizar com clareza a retina do paciente. Apesar de ser um exame simples, a oftalmoscopia permite também analisar o nervo óptico, estrutura atingida pelo glaucoma.

3 – Campo Visual Computadorizado

O exame de campo visual computadorizado é uma análise complementar para o diagnóstico do glaucoma. Esse estudo avalia a percepção visual central e periférica, identificando qualquer alteração ou redução na capacidade de enxergar. Como o glaucoma é uma doença silenciosa, o exame de campo visual computadorizado consegue testar a sensibilidade da visão e identificar onde há perdas.

Outros exames complementares mais complexos também podem ser indicados para fechar o diagnóstico do glaucoma e avaliar os danos da doença nos olhos e na visão. Entre eles, destacam-se:

  • Gonioscopia binocular:esse exame permite verificar o ângulo da câmara anterior do olho, onde a íris se encontra com a córnea. Com ele é possível não só diagnosticar o glaucoma, mas também avaliar pacientes portadores da doença.
  • Paquimetria ultrassônica:o exame de paquimetria é feito para medir a espessura da córnea. Ele é indicado porque o glaucoma altera a espessura desta estrutura dos olhos. Desse jeito a paquimetria pode auxiliar no diagnóstico do glaucoma.

Muito mais do que saber como é feito o diagnóstico do glaucoma, é importante estar atento à saúde dos seus olhos. O glaucoma não tem cura, mas é possível de ser tratada e controlada desde que seja descoberta logo no início.

Foto de Dr. Lucas Tavares Faria
Dr. Lucas Tavares Faria

Dr. Lucas Tavares Faria é natural de Belo Horizonte, filho de Oftalmologista e descendente da primeira Óptica da cidade. Especialização em Oftalmologia e o fellowship de retina clínica e cirúrgica realizados no Centro Oftalmológico de MG, vem se dedicando ao tratamento clínico e cirúrgico das afecções oculares com foco nas cirurgias de Catarata, Retina e Refrativa.

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